| Foreword |
|
v | |
|
|
|
|
|
| Preface |
|
vii | |
|
|
|
xv | |
|
|
|
xvii | |
| Boxes |
|
xix | |
|
Overview: The Role and Responsibility of Governments in the Health Sector |
|
|
1 | (29) |
|
Health-Sector Reform In Asia |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
Asia's Health Status: From 1960 To The Present |
|
|
3 | (3) |
|
Factors Driving The Improvement In Health Status |
|
|
6 | (11) |
|
The Impact of Economic Development |
|
|
6 | (3) |
|
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
The Impact of Medical Technology Growth |
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
The Impact of Public Spending on Health |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
The Opportunity Costs and Benefits of Different Public Investment Strategies |
|
|
13 | (4) |
|
The Variability of Health Status |
|
|
17 | (3) |
|
|
|
20 | (10) |
|
When Governments Intervene---Unique Roles |
|
|
20 | (4) |
|
How Governments Intervene---Approaches to Correct Market Failures and Improve Equity |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
Why Governments Intervene---Multiple Strategies Based on Different Values |
|
|
25 | (4) |
|
Health Policy Implementation at the Ministry Level |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Evidence-Based Policy: Using Data to Inform Policy and Improve Health Outcomes |
|
|
30 | (44) |
|
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
Data Sources Required For Policymaking |
|
|
33 | (8) |
|
|
|
33 | (4) |
|
Kinds and Sources of Data |
|
|
37 | (4) |
|
|
|
41 | (20) |
|
Status of Data for 44 Selected Asian Countries |
|
|
42 | (13) |
|
Better Data for Policymaking---The Long and Short of It |
|
|
55 | (6) |
|
Discontinuities Between Policymakers and Researchers |
|
|
61 | (10) |
|
Variations in Data Quality by Research Study Type |
|
|
61 | (5) |
|
Interpreting Research Design and Research Data |
|
|
66 | (5) |
|
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
|
|
71 | (3) |
|
Prioritizing Medical Interventions: Defining Burden of Disease and Cost-Effective Interventions in the Pursuit of Universal Primary Care |
|
|
74 | (60) |
|
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
The Unfinished Agenda of Communicable Diseases |
|
|
76 | (8) |
|
Current Burden of Disease in Asia |
|
|
77 | (4) |
|
Future Burden of Disease in Asia |
|
|
81 | (3) |
|
DALYs and Similar Measures |
|
|
84 | (5) |
|
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
Health Life Years (HeaLYs) |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
Data Problems with All Classification Schemes |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
The Results of Measuring the Burden of Ill Health with Different Classification Schemes |
|
|
87 | (2) |
|
The Impact of Using DALYs to Measure Burden of Ill Health in Asia |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
Costs, Effectiveness, and Other Prioritizing Factors |
|
|
89 | (7) |
|
Cost-Effectiveness in Prioritizing Health Interventions |
|
|
89 | (4) |
|
Setting Priorities at the National Level |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
Prioritizing by Types of Care |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
Essential, Desirable, and Undesirable Packages |
|
|
96 | (27) |
|
Health Interventions That Should Be Pursued by All Developing-Country Governments in Asia |
|
|
97 | (19) |
|
Health Interventions That Require a Higher National Income for Developing-Country Governments in Asia to Consider Pursuing |
|
|
116 | (6) |
|
Health Interventions That Have Limited Effectiveness and Should Be Deemphasized by Developing-Country Governments in Asia |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Funding High-Priority Interventions |
|
|
123 | (3) |
|
Using Traditional Medicine and Improving Quality of Care |
|
|
126 | (7) |
|
|
|
126 | (3) |
|
Improving Quality of Care |
|
|
129 | (4) |
|
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
Financing and Allocating Public Expenditures: Leveraging Public Resources to Meet Objectives and Increase Private Participation |
|
|
134 | (50) |
|
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
The Inadequacy Of Financing and Allocation of Public Expenditures |
|
|
136 | (10) |
|
The Three Major Health Objectives That Justify Government Involvement |
|
|
136 | (3) |
|
Financing and Allocating Public Expenditures in the Health Sector |
|
|
139 | (7) |
|
Mobilizing Private Resources |
|
|
146 | (9) |
|
What Effect Do Price Increases Have on Utilization |
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
What Effect Do Price Increases Have on Access to Care? |
|
|
149 | (3) |
|
What Effect Do Price Increases Have on Improving Quality of Care? |
|
|
152 | (3) |
|
Choosing an Optimal Mix of Public Subsidy and Private Financing |
|
|
155 | (5) |
|
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
Adjusting Resource Allocation to Better Target Subsidies to the Poor |
|
|
158 | (2) |
|
Adjusting Resource Allocation to Insure Against Financial Risk |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
The Promise of Social Insurance Plans |
|
|
160 | (17) |
|
Financing Social Insurance |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
|
|
163 | (3) |
|
The Insurance Value of Social Insurance |
|
|
166 | (4) |
|
Medical Care Cost Inflation from Moral Hazard |
|
|
170 | (3) |
|
Should Low- and Middle-Income Countries Adopt Universal Social Insurance? |
|
|
173 | (3) |
|
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Cost Control Via Managed Care |
|
|
177 | (5) |
|
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Managed Care |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
Developing-Country Experience with Managed Care |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
Necessary Conditions for Managed Care in Developing Countries |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
|
|
182 | (2) |
|
Toward Better Equity and Access: Persistent Poverty, Inadequate Interventions, and the Need for Better Data and Solutions |
|
|
184 | (48) |
|
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
|
|
187 | (3) |
|
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
|
188 | (2) |
|
|
|
190 | (3) |
|
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Usefulness of Measures for Policymakers |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
The Persistence of Inequity |
|
|
193 | (23) |
|
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
The Degree of Intercountry Inequality in Asia's Health Sector |
|
|
195 | (4) |
|
Persistent, Serious Inequities Within Countries by Outcome, Income, Education, Location, and Gender |
|
|
199 | (17) |
|
Options for Addressing Inequity |
|
|
216 | (4) |
|
Subsidies Versus Social Insurance Expansion |
|
|
220 | (10) |
|
Addressing Equity at the Low End of the Spectrum---The Potential of Specific Targeting |
|
|
221 | (7) |
|
The Middle of the Spectrum---The Potential for a Two-Track Policy of Social Insurance |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
The High End of the Spectrum---The Potential of Universal Coverage |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
Government and the Improvement of Health Behaviors |
|
|
232 | (44) |
|
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Interventions to Change Health Behaviors |
|
|
234 | (5) |
|
Education and Communication Techniques |
|
|
239 | (5) |
|
An Assessment of Health Education Needs |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
Using Education and Communication Programs |
|
|
244 | (10) |
|
|
|
244 | (3) |
|
|
|
247 | (3) |
|
|
|
250 | (4) |
|
Increasing the Opportunity for Changing Provider Behavior |
|
|
254 | (8) |
|
Implementing Clinical Practice Guidelines and Continuing Medical Education |
|
|
262 | (3) |
|
Community Participation Strategies |
|
|
265 | (5) |
|
Managing Provider-Patient Relationships |
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
Managing Stakeholders Using Participatory Strategies |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Three Basic Models of Community Participating |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
Key Design Issues for Community Health Programs |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Problems with Community Participation |
|
|
270 | (4) |
|
Asian Experience with Community Development Participatory Programs |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Asian Experience with Health Education Participatory Programs |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Asian Experience with Customer Service Participatory Programs |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
Implementing Policy Objectives: The Role and Responsibilities of the Ministry of Health |
|
|
276 | (53) |
|
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Understanding and Informing The Political Process |
|
|
278 | (4) |
|
Informing the Political Process |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Managing Health Sector Objectives |
|
|
282 | (15) |
|
Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System (PPBS) |
|
|
282 | (6) |
|
The Challenges of Planning and Evaluation |
|
|
288 | (2) |
|
The Challenges of Programming and Budgeting |
|
|
290 | (3) |
|
Managing Information Resources |
|
|
293 | (4) |
|
Organizing Around Programs with Devolution to Local Communities |
|
|
297 | (8) |
|
The Organization of the MOH |
|
|
297 | (2) |
|
The Potential of Devolution |
|
|
299 | (6) |
|
Private Provision of Services |
|
|
305 | (6) |
|
Criteria for Public or Private Provision of Health Care |
|
|
305 | (3) |
|
Challenges of Private Provision |
|
|
308 | (3) |
|
Managing Technology and Developing Human Capital |
|
|
311 | (8) |
|
Managing Medical Technologies |
|
|
311 | (5) |
|
Developing Human Resources |
|
|
316 | (3) |
|
|
|
319 | (7) |
|
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
|
|
323 | (3) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
|
326 | (3) |
| Acronyms |
|
329 | (4) |
| Data Notes and Glossary---Chapter Two |
|
333 | (6) |
| References |
|
339 | (80) |
| Authors |
|
419 | (2) |
| Index |
|
421 | |